Perinnöllinen hemokromatoosi (Hereditary Hemochromatosis, HHC) on yleisin perinnöllinen aineenvaihduntahäiriö, joka aiheutuu raudanimeytymisgeenin muuntumisesta. Geenimuunnos aiheuttaa raudan liiallista imeytymistä suolistosta, ja rauta varastoituu mm. sydänlihakseen, maksaan, haimaan, niveliin, kilpirauhaseen ja aivolisäkkeeseen.
Ihminen tarvitsee rautaa monista eri syistä. Liian vähäisen raudan aiheuttamat ongelmat tiedetään, mutta liiallisen raudan aiheuttamiin ongelmiin ei vieläkään kiinnitetä huomiota. Kuitenkin liika rauta aiheuttaa enemmän ongelmia kuin liian vähä rauta.
Vähän rautaa sisältävästä ravinnosta eli kalasta ja muista merenelävistä (hylkeet, äyriäiset, tms.) riippuvaiset ihmiset kehittivät geenimuunnoksen, joka sallii ravinnon raudan imeytymisen kolmen- ja nelinkertaisesti verrattuina niihin, joilla ei geenimuunnosta ole. Niiden, joilla geenimuunnos on, sanotaan sairastavan perinnöllistä hemokromatoosia.
Ihmisen kehityshistorian näkökulmasta tyypin 2 diabeteksen syitä on mahdollisesti kaksi. Niistä toinen on paleoliittiselle elimistölle liiallisen hiilihydraatin nauttimisen aiheuttama insuliinin liikatuotanto eli hyperinsulinemia, mikä johtaa insuliiniresistenssiin ja edelleen diabetekseen, toinen liiallisen raudanimeytymisen haiman toiminnalle aiheuttamat häiriöt. Kolmas vaihtoehto on molemmat yhdessä.
Parkkila S, Niemelä O, Uudet kansainväliset perinnöllisen hemokromatoosin diagnostiikka- ja hoitosuositukset. Suomen Lääkärilehti, vsk. 56, nr, 25-26/2001, s. 2771-2774.
Merryweather-Clarke AT, Pointon J, Shearman JD, Robson KJ. Global Prevalence of putative hereditary hemochromatosis mutations. Journal of Medical Genetics 1997, Vol. 34, 272-278.
Lyon, Elaine, Frank, Elisabeth L. Hereditary Hemochromatosis Since Discovery of the HFE Gene. Clinical Chemistry, 2001;47:1147-1156.
Burke, W., Imperatore G,. Reyes M. Iron deficiency and iron overload: effects of diet and genes. Proc Nutr Soc 2001 Feb;60(1):73-80.
Bassett, M.L. Haemochromatosis: iron still matters. Internal Medicine Journal 2001, May-June, 31(4):237-42.
Bolan CD, Conry-Cantilena C, Mason G, Ronault TA, Leitman SF. MCV as a guide to phlebotomy therapy for hemochromatosis. Transfusion 2001 Jun;41(69819-27.
Hanson EH, Imperatore G, Burke W. HFE gene and hereditary hemochromatosis: a HUGE review. Human Genome Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001 Aug;154(3):193-206.
Beckman, L.E., Sjoberg, K., Eriksson, S., Beckman, L. Hemochromatosis gene mutations in Finns, Swedes and Swedish Saamis. Human Heredity 2001; 52(2):110-2.
Brandhagen DJ, Fairbanks VF, Baldus W. Recognition and management of hereditary hemochromatosis. Am Fam Physician 2002 Mar 1;65(5)853-60.
Rolfs, A., Bonkovsky, H.L., Kohlroser, J.G., NcNeal, K., Sharma, A., Berger, U.V., Hediger, M.A. Intestinal expression of genes involved in iron absorption in humans. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2002 Apr; 282(4):G598-607.
Beutler E, Felitti V, Ho NJ, Gelbart T. Relationship of body iron stores to levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity and transferrin saturations in patients with iron storage disease. Acta Haematol 2002;107(3):145-9.
Ryan E, Byrnes V, Coughlan B, Flanagan AM, Barrett S, O'Keane JC, Crowe. Underdiagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis: lack of presentation or penetration? Gut 2002 Jul;52(1):108-12.
Milman N, Pedersen P. Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings. Department of Medicine B, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark. Clin Genet 2003 Jul;64(1):36-47.
Lucotte G, Dieterlen F. A European allele map of the C282Y mutation of hemochromatosis: Celtic versus
Viking origin of the mutation? International Institute of Anthropology, Paris, France. Blood Cells
Mol Dis 2003 Sep-Oct;31(2):262-7.
Kenen olisi suositeltavaa ottaa HHC.n diagnoosiin tarvittavat kokeet
Bulaj, Zaneta J., Ajioka, Richard S., Phillips, John D., LaSalle, Bernard, Jorde, Lynn B., Griffen, Linda M., Edwards, Corwin Q., Kushner, James P. Disease-related conditions in relatives of patients with hemochromatosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, Nov 23, Vol. 34:1529-1535, No. 21.
Lyon, Elaine, Frank, Elisabeth L. Hereditary Hemochromatosis Since Discovery of the HFE Gene. Clinical Chemistry, 2001;47:1147-1156.
Nelson RL, Persky V, Davis F, Becker E. Risk of siblings of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Digestion 2001;64(2):120-4.
Chales G, Guggenbuhl P. When and how should we screen for hereditary hemochromatosis? Rheumatology department, Hopital Sud, Rennes, France. Joint Bone Spine 2003 Aug;70(4):263-70.
HHC ja tyypin 2 diabetes (aikuisiän diabetes)
Phelps G, Chapman I, Hall P, Braund W, Mackinnon M. Prevalence of genetic haemochromatosis among diabetic patients. Lancet 1989 July.
Kwan T, Leber B, Ahuja S, Carter R, Gerstein HC. Patients with type 2 diabetes have a high frequency of the C282Y mutation of the hemochromatosis gene. Clin Invest Med 1998 Dec.
Salonen Jukka T., Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Nyyssönen, Kristiina, Lakka, Hanna-Maaria, Punnonen, Kari. Relation between iron stores and non-insulin dependent diabetes in men: case-control study. BMJ 1998; 317-330 (12 September).
Salonen Jukka T., Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Kontula, Kimmo. Role of C282Y-mutation in haemochromatosis gene in development of type 2 diabetes in healthy men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:1706-1797 (24 June). “Our prospective cohort study suggests an association between the common HFE gene mutation and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.” And: “As the incidence in Northern Europe is among the highest in the world and rising, screening for C282Y mutation by DNA analysis, monitoring of iron status, and iron depleting treatment could potentially constitute new important measures in the primary prevention of diabetes. The C282Y mutation also predisposes to coronary heart disease. It may therefore prove especially important to find out whether the C282Y mutation increases the risk of myocardial infarction on people with type 2 diabetes.”
Pinsky, LE, Imperatore G, Burke W. Diabetes and HFE mutations, cause and coincidence. The Western Journal of Medicine 2002;176:114-115.
Van Lerberghe S., Hermans MP, Dahan K, Buysschaert M. Clinical expression and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients with heterozygous mutations for haemochromatosis. Diabetes Metabolism 2002 Feb;28(1):33-8.
Facchini FS, Hua NW, Stoohs RA. Effect of iron depletion in carbohydrate-intolerant patiens with clinical evidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002 Apr;122(4):931-9. Tutkimus, jossa koehenkilöillä oli tyypin 2 diabetes ja varastoitunutta rautaa, mutta ei HHC:tä, osoitti venesektion vaikuttavan edullisesti koehenkilöiden insuliinin eritykseen ja insuliiniresistenssiin verrattuna niihin, joille venesektiota ei suoritettu.
Fernandez-Real JM, Penarroja G, Castro A, García-Bragado F, Hernandez-Aguado I, Ricart W. Blood-letting in high-ferritin type 2 diabetes: effects on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Diabetes 2002 Apr;51(4):1000-4.
Wilson JG, Lindquist JH, Grambow SC, Crook ED, Maher JF. Potential role of increased iron stores in diabetes. G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA. Am J Med Sci 2003 Jun;325(6):332-9.
HHC ja maksasairaudet
Adams PC. Is there a threshold of hepatic iron concentration that leads to cirrhosis in C282Y hemochromatosis? Am J Gastroenterol 2001 Feb;96(2):567-9.
HHC ja munuaissairaudet
Moczulski, Dariusz K., Grzeszczak, Wladyslaw, Gawlik, Barbara. Role of Hemochromatosis C282Y and H63D Mutations in HFE Gene in Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1187-1191.
HHC ja syöpä
Fracanzani AL, Conte D, Graquelli M, Taioli E, Mattioli M, Losco A, Fargion S. Increased cancer risk in a cohort of 230 patients with hereditary hemochromatosis in comparison to matched control patient with non-iron-related chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2001 Mar;3(3):647-51.
Moodie SJ, Ang L, Stenner JM, Finlayson C, Khotari A, Levin GE, Maxwell JD. Testing for haemochromatosis in a liver clinic population: relationship between ethnic origin, HFE mutations, liver histology and serum iron markers. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2002 Mar;14(3):217-21.
HCC – testaus on aloitettava heti
Witte DL, Crosby WH, Edwards CQ, Fairbanks VF, Mitros FA. Practice guideline development task force of the College of American Pathologists. Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Clin Chim Acta 1996 Feb 28;245(2)139-200.
Hall CJ; Critchley AT, Norfolk DR. Haemochromatosis: a time for guidelines? Hospital Medicine 1999 Dec;60(12):884-90.
Yapp TR, Eijkelkamp EJ, Powell LW. Population screening for HFE-associated haemocromatosis: should we have to pay for our genes? Intern Med J 2001 Jan-Feb;31(1)48-52.
Parkkila S, Niemelä O, Uudet kansainväliset perinnöllisen hemokromatoosin diagnostiikka- ja hoitosuositukset. Suomen Lääkärilehti, vsk. 56, nr, 25-26/2001, s. 2771-2774.
Neiderau C, Fischer R, Purschel A, Stremmel W, Haussinger D, Strohmeyer G. Long-term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;100(4):1304-7.
Yang Q, McDonnell SM, Khoury MJ, Cono J, Parrish RG. Hemochromatosis-associated mortality in the United States from 1979 to 1992: an analysi of Multiple-Cause Mortality Data. Ann Intern Med 1998 Dec 1;129(11):946-53.
Cifuentes Henderson, Paula, Dowling, Patrick, Ozaki, Rikio. Should all patients with diabetes mellitus be screened for hemochromatosis? West J Med 2002; 176:110-114.